Use of thiazolidinedione derivatives in the treatment of insulin resistance

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods of using thiazolidinedione in the treatment of insulin resistance.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of 09/124,707, U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,944, filed Jul. 29, 1998 which is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/868,608, U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,222 filed Jun. 4, 1997 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/856,987, U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,454 filed May 15, 1997 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/763,286, now abandoned filed Dec. 10, 1996 which is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/469,398, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,133 filed Jun. 6, 1995, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/292,585, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,109, filed Aug. 23, 1994 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/122,251 filed Sep. 15, 1993, now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to the use of certain thiazolidinedione derivatives in the treatment of insulin resistance characterized by hyperinsulinemia and failure to respond to exogenous insulin.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent chronic disorders worldwide with significant personal and financial costs for patients and their families, as well as for society. Different types of diabetes exist with distinct etiologies and pathogeneses. For example, diabetes mellitus is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria and resulting from inadequate production or utilization of insulin.

Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), or otherwise referred to as Type II diabetes, is the form of diabetes mellitus which occurs predominantly in adults in whom adequate production of insulin is available for use, yet a defect exists in insulin-mediated utilization and metabolism of glucose in peripheral tissues. Overt NIDDM is characterized by three major metabolic abnormalities: resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, impairment of nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion, and overproduction of glucose by the liver. It has been shown that for some people with diabetes a genetic predisposition results in a mutation in the gene(s) coding for insulin and/or the insulin receptor and/or insulin-mediated signal transduction factor(s), thereby resulting in ineffective insulin and/or insulin-mediated effects thus impairing the utilization or metabolism of glucose.

Reports indicate that insulin secretion is often enhanced early-on, presumably as compensation for the insulin resistance. People who actually develop NIDDM appear to do so because their B-cells eventually fail to maintain sufficient insulin secretion to compensate for the insulin resistance. Mechanisms responsible for the B-cell failure have not been identified, but may be related to the chronic demands placed on the B-cells by peripheral insulin resistance and/or to the effects of hyperglycemia to impair B-cell function. The B-cell failure could also occur as an independent, inherent defect in "pre-diabetic" individuals.

NIDDM often develops from certain at risk populations, one such population is individuals with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. This syndrome is characterized by hyperandrogenism and disordered gonadotropin secretion producing oligo- or anovulation. Recent prevalence estimates suggest that 5-10% of women between 18-44 years of age (about 5 million women, according to the 1990 census) have the full-blown syndrome of hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Despite more than 50 years since its original description, the etiology of the syndrome remains unclear. The biochemical profile, ovarian morphology, and clinical features are non-specific; hence, the diagnosis remains one of exclusion of disorders, such as androgen-secreting tumors, Cushing's Syndrome, and late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

PCOS is associated with profound insulin resistance resulting in substantial hyperinsulinemia. As a result of their insulin resistance, PCOS women are at increased risk to develop NIDDM. Hirsutism, acne, and alopecia, which are commonly found in PCOS women, are clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism. Menstrual disturbances and infertility are the result of ovulatory dysfunction related to the disordered gonadotropin secretion. Androgen excess, probably by eventual conversion of androgens to estrogen, also plays an important role in disrupting gonadotropin release in PCOS.

There are two leading hypotheses for the association between PCOS and insulin resistance: 1) androgens produce insulin resistance or 2) hyperinsulinemia produces hyperandrogenism. In support of the first hypothesis, synthetic androgen administration can increase insulin levels in women. However, in PCOS women with acanthosis nigricans (which is a marker for insulin resistance), oophorectomy lowers testosterone levels but does not alter insulin resistance. Further, long-acting GnRH agonist treatment in PCOS women decreases plasma testosterone and androstenedione levels into the normal female range, but does not alter glucose tolerance, insulin levels, or insulin action. Thus, although certain synthetic androgens may have a modest effect on insulin sensitivity, natural androgens do not produce insulin resistance of the magnitude found in PCOS.

In contrast, there are several lines of evidence that support the alternative hypothesis that hyperinsulinemia produces hyperandrogenism. First, extreme insulin resistance of a variety of etiologies, ranging from insulin receptor mutations to autoimmune insulin resistance, is associated with ovarian hyperandrogenism. Second, insulin can directly stimulate ovarian androgen secretion in vitro and in vivo in PCOS women. Finally, decreasing insulin levels for 10 days with diazoxide results in a significant decrease in testosterone levels in PCOS women. Insulin does not alter gonadotropin release but rather appears to act directly on the ovary. However, these actions of insulin are not observed in normal ovulatory women, suggesting that polycystic ovarian changes are necessary for such insulin effects to be manifested.

Insulin resistance in PCOS is secondary to a marked decrease in insulin receptor-mediated signal transduction and a modest, but significant, decrease in adipocyte GLU4 content. In many PCOS women, the decrease in insulin receptor signaling is the result of intrinsic abnormalities in insulin receptor phosphorylation. The magnitude of insulin resistance in PCOS is similar to that in NIDDM and in obesity. However, the cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance appear to differ in PCOS compared to these other common insulin-resistant states. The shift to the right in the insulin dose-response curve for adipocyte glucose uptake is much more striking in PCOS than in obesity. Further, decreases in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and responsiveness are significantly correlated with hyperinsulinemia, glycemia, and/or obesity in individuals with NIDDM or obesity, whereas insulin resistance is independent of these parameters in PCOS. Finally, no persistent abnormalities in insulin receptor autophosphorylation have been identified in NIDDM or obesity.

NIDDM also develops from the at risk population of individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnancy normally is associated with progressive resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. In fact, insulin sensitivity is lower during late pregnancy than in nearly all other physiological conditions. The insulin resistance is thought to be mediated in large part by the effects of circulating hormones such as placental lactogen, progesterone, and cortisol, all of which are elevated during pregnancy. In the face of the insulin resistance, pancreatic B-cell responsiveness to glucose normally increases nearly 3-fold by late pregnancy, a response that serves to minimize the effect of insulin resistance on circulating glucose levels. Thus, pregnancy provides a major "stress-test" of the capacity for B-cells to compensate for insulin resistance.

Studies of insulin action and B-cell function during pregnancy indicate that, during the third trimester, women with mild-moderate GDM have the same degree of insulin resistance as do non-diabetic pregnant women. However, studies during the second trimester and after pregnancy indicate that women with GDM are somewhat insulin resistant compared to women who maintain normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Taken together, the available data indicate that pancreatic B-cells of women who develop GDM may encounter two types of insulin resistance: 1) mild-moderate, underlying, and perhaps genetic insulin resistance that is present even when the women are not pregnant; and 2) the marked, physiological (probably hormonally-mediated) insulin resistance that occurs during pregnancy in all women. Data indicate that the main feature which distinguishes women with GDM from normal pregnant women during the third trimester, when all women are insulin resistant, is pancreatic B-cell function. Most women develop GDM because their pancreatic B-cells are unable to maintain enhanced insulin secretion in the face of insulin resistance. That inability is very similar to the B-cell defect which has been observed in longitudinal studies of patients who develop NIDDM, a fact which may explain why women with GDM are at such high risk for NIDDM: GDM identifies women whose B-cells will decompensate when faced with severe or chronic insulin resistance.

Other populations thought to be at risk for developing NIDDM are persons with Syndrome X; persons with concomitant hyperinsulinemia; persons with insulin resistance characterized by hyperinsulinemia and by failure to respond to exogenous insulin; and persons with abnormal insulin and/or evidence of glucose disorders associated with excess circulating glucocorticoids, growth hormone, catecholamines, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, and other insulin-resistant conditions.

Failure to treat NIDDM can result in mortality due to cardiovascular disease and in other diabetic complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy. For many years treatment of NIDDM has involved a program aimed at lowering blood sugar with a combination of diet and exercise. Alternatively, treatment of NIDDM involved oral hypoglycemic agents, such as sulfonylureas alone or in combination with insulin injections. Recently, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, such as a carboys, have been shown to be effective in reducing the postprandial rise in blood glucose (Lefevre et al., Drugs, 1992;44:29-38). In Europe and Canada another treatment used primarily in obese diabetics is metformin, a biguanide.

In any event, what is required is a method of treating at risk populations such as those with PCOS and GDM in order to prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM thereby bringing relief of symptoms, improving the quality of life, preventing acute and long-term complications, reducing mortality and treating accompanying disorders of the populations at risk for NIDDM. The methods of using the disclosed compounds for treating at risk populations with conditions such as PCOS and GDM to prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM as taught herein meet these objectives.

The compounds of the present invention, and methods of making the compounds, are known and some of these are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,223,522 issued Jun. 29, 1993; 5,132,317 issued Jul. 12, 1992; 5,120,754 issued Jun. 9, 1992; 5,061,717 issued Oct. 29, 1991; 4,897,405 issued Jan. 30, 1990; 4,873,255 issued Oct. 10, 1989; 4,687,777 issued Aug. 18, 1987; 4,572,912 issued Feb. 25, 1986; 4,287,200 issued Sep. 1, 1981; 5,002,953, issued Mar. 26, 1991; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,340,605; 4,438,141; 4,444,779; 4,461,902; 4,703,052; 4,725,610; 4,897,393; 4,918,091; 4,948,900; 5,194,443; 5,232,925; and 5,260,445; WO 91/07107; WO 92/02520; WO 94/01433; WO 89/08651; and JP Kokai 69383/92. The compounds disclosed in these issued patents and applications are useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hyperlipidemia. The teachings of these issued patents and applications are incorporated herein by reference.

Regarding prevention of NIDDM, there has been one disclosure of this concept using a sulfonylurea as a treatment, but this concept is not highly regarded in the scientific community because prolonged treatment with sulfonylureas can reduce insulin secretion by destroying the pancreatic beta cells. Moreover, sulfonylureas can cause clinically severe hypoglycemia. The concept of using a biguanide, such as metformin, has also been disclosed.

There is no disclosure in the above-identified references to suggest the use of the compounds identified in this present application in the treatment of at risk populations such as those with PCOS or GDM in order to prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM and complications resulting therefrom.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment of this invention, a method is disclosed for the treatment of PCOS in order to prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM. Improvement in insulin sensitivity by treatment with the compounds of the following formulas will reduce fasting insulin levels, thereby resulting in decreased androgen production and biologic availability in PCOS women. Decreasing androgen levels will improve the clinical symptoms of androgen excess and the anovulation commonly found in PCOS women.

In another embodiment of this invention, a method is disclosed for the treatment of GDM. Improvement in whole-body insulin sensitivity by treatment with the compounds of the following formulas will reduce the rate of B-cell decomposition and delay or prevent the development of NIDDM in women with GDM. The compounds can also be applied to former gestational diabetic women to delay or prevent NIDDM and its long-term complications. As agents having the aforementioned effects, the compounds of the following formulas are useful in treating individuals to prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM.

In another embodiment of the present invention is a method for treating population states, other than those with PCOS or GDM, who are at risk for developing NIDDM. Other populations thought to be at risk for developing NIDDM are persons with Syndrome X; persons with concomitant hyperinsulinemia; persons with insulin resistance characterized by hyperinsulinemia and by failure to respond to exogenous insulin; and persons with abnormal insulin and/or evidence of glucose disorders associated with excess circulating glucocorticoids, growth hormone, catecholamines, glucagon, parathyroid hormone, and other insulin-resistant conditions. Treatment of the above populations with the compounds of the following formulas will prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM.

Accordingly, the present invention is the use of compounds of Formula I ##STR1## herein R¹ and R² are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C₁ -C₅ alkyl group;

R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₆ aliphatic acyl group, an alicyclic acyl group, an aromatic acyl group, a heterocyclic acyl group, an araliphatic acyl group, a (C₁ -C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl group, or an aralkyloxycarbonyl group;

R⁴ and R⁵ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₅ alkyl group or a C₁ -C₅ alkoxy group, or R⁴ and R⁵ together represent a C₁ -C₄ alkylenedioxy group;

n is 1, 2, or 3;

W represents the --CH₂ --, >CO, or CH--OR⁶ group (in which R⁶ represents any one of the atoms or groups defined for R³ and may be the same as or different from R³); and

Y and Z are the same or different and each represents an oxygen atom or an imino (INH) group;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The present invention is also the use of compounds of the Formula II ##STR2## wherein R₁₁ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, phenylalkyl, phenyl, aromatic acyl group, a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group including 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur or a group of the formula ##STR3## wherein R₁₃ and R₁₄ are the same or different and each is lower alkyl or R₁₃ and R₁₄ are combined to each other either directly or as interrupted by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur to form a 5- or 6-membered ring;

wherein R₁₂ means a bond or a lower alkylene group; and

wherein L₁ and L₂ are the same or different and each is hydrogen or lower alkyl or L₁ and L₂ are combined to form an alkylene group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention is also the use of compounds of the Formula III ##STR4## wherein R₁₅ and R₁₆ are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, ethynyl, nitrile, methylthio, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, nitro, or halogen substituted benzyloxy; n is 0 to 4 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The present invention is also directed to the use of compounds of the Formula IV ##STR5## wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond;

V is --CH═CH--, --N═CH--, --CH═N-- or S;

D is CH₂, CHOH, CO, C═NOR₁₇ or CH═CH;

X is S, O, NR₁₈, --CH═N or --N═CH;

Y is CH or N;

Z is hydrogen, (C₁ -C₇) alkyl, (C₃ -C₇)cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl, furyl, thienyl, or phenyl mono- or disubstituted with the same or different groups which are (C₁ -C₃)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C₁ -C₃)alkoxy, fluoro, chloro, or bromo;

Z₁ is hydrogen or (C₁ -C₃)alkyl;

R₁₇ and R₁₈ are each independently hydrogen or methyl; and n is 1, 2, or 3;

the pharmaceutically acceptable cationic salts thereof; and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof when the compound contains a basic nitrogen.

The present invention is also directed to the use of compounds of the Formula V ##STR6## wherein the dotted line represents a bond or no bond;

A and B are each independently CH or N, with the proviso that when A or B is N, the other is CH;

X₁ is S, SO, SO₂, CH₂, CHOH, or CO;

n is 0 or 1;

Y₁ is CHR₂₀ or R₂₁, with the proviso that when n is 1 and Y₁ is NR₂₁, X₁ is SO₂ or CO;

Z₂ is CHR₂₂, CH₂ CH₂, CH═CH, ##STR7## OCH₂,

SCH₂, SOCH₂ or SO₂ CH₂ ;

R₁₉, R₂₀ R₂₁, and R₂₂ are each independently hydrogen or methyl; and

X₂ and X₃ are each independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxy, methoxy, phenoxy, benzyloxy, bromo, chloro, or fluoro; a pharmaceutically acceptable cationic salt thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt thereof when A or B is N.

The present invention also relates to the use of compounds of the Formula VI ##STR8## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R₂₃ is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, phenyl or mono- or di-substituted phenyl wherein said substituents are independently alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, halogen, or trifluoromethyl.

The present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula VII ##STR9## or a tautomeric form thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein:

A₂ represents an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group wherein the alkylene or the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted;

A₃ represents a benzene ring having in total up to 3 optional substituents;

R₂₄ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group wherein the alkyl or the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; or A₂ together with R₂₄ represents substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₃ polymethylene group, optional substituents for the polymethylene group being selected from alkyl or aryl or adjacent substituents together with the methylene carbon atoms to which they are attached form a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group;

R₂₅ and R₂₆ each represent hydrogen, or R₂₅ and R₂₆ together represent a bond;

X₄ represents O or S; and

n represents an integer in the range of from 2 to 6.

The present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula VIII ##STR10## or a tautomeric form thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate therefor, wherein:

R₂₇ and R₂₈ each independently represent an alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an aralkyl group being substituted or unsubstituted in the aryl or alkyl moiety; or R₂₇ together with R₂₈ represents a linking group, the linking group consisting of an optionally substituted methylene group and either a further optionally substituted methylene group or an O or S atom, optional substituents for the said methylene groups being selected from alkyl-, aryl, or aralkyl, or substituents of adjacent methylene groups together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group;

R₂₉ and R₃₀ each represent hydrogen, or R₂₉ and R₃₀ together represent a bond;

A₄ represents a benzene ring having in total up to 3 optional substituents;

X₅ represents O or S; and

n represents an integer in the range of from 2 to 6.

The present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula IX ##STR11## or a tautomeric form thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein:

A₅ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclyl group;

A₆ represents a benzene ring having in total up to 5 substituents;

X₆ represents O, S, or NR₃₂ wherein R₃₂ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group;

Y₂ represents O or S;

R₃₁ represents an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group; and

n represents an integer in the range of from 2 to 6.

Suitable aromatic heterocyclyl groups include substituted or unsubstituted, single or fused ring aromatic heterocyclyl groups comprising up to 4 hetero atoms in each ring selected from oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen.

Favored aromatic heterocyclyl groups include substituted or unsubstituted single ring aromatic heterocyclyl groups having 4 to 7 ring atoms, preferably 5 or 6 ring atoms.

In particular, the aromatic heterocyclyl group comprises 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms, especially 1 or 2, selected from oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen.

Suitable values for A₅ when it represents a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclyl group include thiazolyl and oxazoyl, especially oxazoyl.

Suitable values for A₅ when it represents a 6-membered aromatic heterocyclyl group include pyridyl or pyrimidinyl.

Suitable R₃₁ represents an alkyl group, in particular a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, for example a methyl group. Preferably, A₅ represents a moiety of formula (a), (b), or (c): ##STR12## wherein:

R₃₃ and R₃₄ each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or when R₃₃ and R₃₄ are each attached to adjacent carbon atoms, then R₃₃ and R₃₄ together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form a benzene ring wherein each carbon atom represented by R₃₃ and R₃₄ together may be substituted or unsubstituted; and in the moiety of Formula (a), X₇ represents oxygen or sulphur.

In one favored aspect R₃₃ and R₃₄ together represent a moiety of Formula (d): ##STR13## wherein R₃₅ and R₃₆ each independently represent hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, or alkoxy.

The present invention also provides for the use of compounds for Formula X ##STR14## or a tautomeric form thereof and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate thereof, wherein:

A₇ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group;

A₈ represents a benzene ring having in total up to 5 substituents;

X₈ represents O, S, or NR₃₉ wherein R₃₉ represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an acyl group, an aralkyl group, wherein the aryl moiety may be substituted or unsubstituted, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group;

Y₃ represents O or S;

R₃₇ represents hydrogen;

R₃₈ represents hydrogen or an alkyl, aralkyl, or aryl group or R₃₇ together with R₃₈ represents a bond; and n represents an integer in the range of from 2 to 6.

A still further embodiment of the present invention is the use of a pharmaceutical composition for administering an effective amount of a compound of the preceding Formulas I through X along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in unit dosage form in the treatment methods mentioned above.

The present invention provides a method of treating a patient having insulin resistance characterized by hyperinsulinemia and failure to respond to exogenous insulin, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of (+)-5-[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]2,4-thiazolidinedione (Troglitazone).

The present invention provides a method of treating a patient having insulin resistance characterized by hyperinsulinemia and failure to respond to exogenous insulin, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of 5-[p-[1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxyl]benzyl]2,4-thiazolidinedione (Ciglitazone), 5-[p-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]2,4-thiazolidinedione (Pioglitazone), 5-[p-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl)propionyl]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Darglitazone), or 5-[[(2R)-2-benzyl-6-chromanyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Englitazone).

The present invention provides a method of treating a patient having insulin resistance characterized by hyperinsulinemia and failure to respond to exogenous insulin, the method comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of 5-(4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)amino)ethoxy]benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Rosiglitazone).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows a chart representing patients' mean blood glucose levels and mean total daily exogenous insulin over time with the administration of a compound of the present method.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The compounds used in the treatment methods of the invention, which are 5-[4-(chromoanalkoxy)benzyl]thiazolidene derivatives, may be represented by the Formulas (Ia), (Ib), and (Ic) ##STR15## (in which R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, n, Y, and Z are as defined above) and include pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In the compounds of the invention, where R¹ or R² represents an alkyl group, this may be a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms and is preferably a primary or secondary alkyl group, for example the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, or isopentyl group.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents an aliphatic acyl group, this preferably has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and may include one or more carbon--carbon double or triple bonds. Examples of such groups include the formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, acryloyl, methacryloyl, and crotonyl groups.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents an alicyclic acyl group, it is preferably a cyclopentanecarbonyl, cyclohexanecarbonyl, or cycloheptanecarbonyl group.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents an aromatic acyl group, the aromatic moiety thereof may optionally have one or more substituents (for example, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, or hydroxy substituents); examples of such aromatic acyl groups included the benzoyl, p-nitrobenzoyl, m-fluorobenzoyl, o-chlorobenzoyl, p-aminobenzoyl, m-(dimethylamine)benzoyl, o-methoxybenzoyl, 3,4-dichlorobenzoyl, 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoyl, and 1-naphthoyl groups.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents a heterocyclic acyl group, the heterocyclic moiety thereof preferably has one or more, preferably one, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen hetero atoms and has from 4 to 7 ring atoms; examples of such heterocyclic acyl groups include the 2-furoyl, 3-thenoyl, 3-pyridinecarbonyl (nicotinoyl), and 4-pyridinecarbonyl groups.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents an araliphatic acyl group, the aliphatic moiety thereof may optionally have one or more carbon--carbon double or triple bonds and the aryl moiety thereof may optionally have one or more substituents (for example, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, or hydroxy substituents); examples of such araliphatic acyl groups include the phenylacetyl, p-chlorophenylacetyl, phenylpropionyl, and cinnamoyl groups.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents a (C₁ -C₆ alkoxy)carbonyl group, the alkyl moiety thereof may be any one of those alkyl groups as defined for R¹ and R², but is preferably a methyl or ethyl group, and the alkoxycarbonyl group represented by R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' is therefore preferably a methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl group.

Where R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ' represents an aralkyloxycarbonyl group, the aralkyl moiety thereof may be any one of those included within the araliphatic acyl group represented by R³, R⁶, or R⁶ ', but is preferably a benzyloxycarbonyl group.

Where R⁴ and R⁵ represent alkyl groups, they may be the same or different and may be straight or branched chain alkyl groups. They preferably have from 1 to 5 carbon atoms and examples include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and isopentyl groups.

Where R⁴ and R⁵ represent alkoxy groups, these may be the same or different and may be straight or branched chain groups, preferably having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include the methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, and butoxy groups. Alternatively, R⁴ and R⁵ may together represent a C₁ -C₄ alkylenedioxy group, more preferably a methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy group.

Preferred classes of compounds of Formula I are as follows:

(1) Compounds in which R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₆ aliphatic acyl group, an aromatic acyl group, or a heterocyclic acyl group.

(2) Compounds in which Y represents an oxygen atom; R¹ and R² are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C₁ -C₅ alkyl group; R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₆ aliphatic acyl group, an aromatic acyl group, or a pyridinecarbonyl group; and R⁴ and R⁵ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₅ alkyl group, or a C₁ or C₂ alkoxy group.

(3) Compounds as defined in (2) above, in which: R¹, R², R⁴, and R⁵ are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or a C₁ -C₅ alkyl group; n is 1 or 2; and W represents the --CH₂ -- or >CO group.

(4) Compounds as defined in (3) above, in which R³ represents a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₅ aliphatic acyl group, a benzoyl group, or a nicotinyl group.

(5) Compounds as defined in (4) above, in which: R¹ and R⁴ are the same or different and each represents a C₁ -C₅ alkyl group; R² and R⁵ are the same or different and each represents the hydrogen atom or the methyl group; and R³ represents a hydrogen atom or a C₁ -C₄ aliphatic acyl group.

(6) Compounds in which: W represents the --CH₂ -- or >CO group; Y and Z both represent oxygen atoms; n is 1 or 2; R¹ and R⁴ are the same or different and each represents a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group; R² and R⁵ are the same or different and each represents the hydrogen atom or the methyl group; and R³ represents a hydrogen atom or a C₁ -C₄ aliphatic acyl group.

(7) Compounds as defined in (6) above, in which n is 1.

(8) Compounds as defined in (6) or (7) above, in which W represents the --CH₂ -- group.

Preferred compounds among the compounds of Formula I are those wherein:

R¹ is a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group, more preferably a methyl or isobutyl group, most preferably a methyl group;

R² is a hydrogen atom or a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom, or a methyl or isopropyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, most preferably a methyl group;

R³ is a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₄ aliphatic acyl group, an aromatic acyl group or a pyridinecarbonyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom, or an acetyl, butyryl, benzoyl, or nicotinyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom or an acetyl, butyryl or benzoyl group, most preferably a hydrogen atom or an acetyl group;

R⁴ is a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group or a C₁ or C₂ alkoxy group, preferably a methyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, or methoxy group, more preferably a methyl or t-butyl group, most preferably a methyl group;

R⁵ is a hydrogen atom, a C₁ -C₄ alkyl group or a C₁ or C₂ alkoxy group, preferably a hydrogen atom, or a methyl or methoxy group, more preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and most preferably a methyl group;

n is 1 or 2, preferably 1;

Y is an oxygen atom;

Z is an oxygen atom or an imino group, most preferably an oxygen atom; and

W is a --CH₂ -- or >CIO group, preferably a --CH₂ -- group.

Referring to the general Formula II, the substituents may be any from 1 to 3 selected from nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkoxy, halo, alkyl, or hydroxy, the aromatic acyl group may be benzoyl and naphthoyl. The alkyl group R₁₁ may be a straight chain or branched alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl; the cycloalkyl group R₁₁ may be a cycloalkyl group of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl; and the phenylalkyl group R₁₁ may be a phenylalkyl group of 7 to 11 carbon atoms such as benzyl and phenethyl. As examples of the heterocyclic group R₁₁ may be mentioned 5- or 6-membered groups each including 1 or 2 hetero-atoms selected from among nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, such as pyridyl, thienyl, furyl, thiazolyl, etc. When R₁₁ is ##STR16## the lower alkyls R₁₃ and R₁₄ may each be a lower alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, and n-butyl. When R₁₃ and R₁₄ are combined to each other to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group as taken together with the adjacent N atom, ie, in the form of ##STR17## this heterocyclic group may further include a heteroatom selected from among nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as exemplified by piperidino, morpholino, pyrrolidino, and piperazino. The lower alkylene group R₁₂ may contain 1 to 3 carbon atoms and thus may be, for example, methylene, ethylene, or trimethylene. The bond R₁₂ is equivalent to the symbol "-", ".", or the like which is used in chemical structural formulas, and when R₁₂ represents such a bond, the compound of general Formula II is represented by the following general Formula II(a) ##STR18## Thus, when R₁₂ is a bond, the atoms adjacent thereto on both sides are directly combined together. As examples of the lower alkyls L₁ and L₂, there may be mentioned lower alkyl groups of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, such as methyl and ethyl. The alkylene group formed as L₁ and L₂ are joined together is a group of the formula --(CH₂)_(n) - [where n is an integer of 2 to 6]. The cycloalkyl, phenylalkyl, phenyl, and heterocyclic groups mentioned above, as well as said heterocyclic group ##STR19## may have 1 to 3 substituents in optional positions on the respective rings. As examples of such substituents may be mentioned lower alkyls (eg, methyl, ethyl, etc.), lower alkoxy groups (eg, methoxy, ethoxy, etc.), halogens (eg, chlorine, bromine, etc.), and hydroxyl. The case also falls within the scope of the general Formula II that an alkylenedioxy group of the formula --O--(CH₂)_(m) -O-- [is an integer of 1 to 3], such as methylenedioxy, is attached to the two adjacent carbon atoms on the ring to form an additional ring.

The preferred compounds of Formula III are those wherein R₁₅ and R₁₆ are independently hydrogen, lower alkyl containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkoxy containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, halogen, ethynyl, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, vinyl, or nitro; n is 1 or 2 and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

Preferred in Formula IV are compounds wherein the dotted line represents no bond, particularly wherein D is CO or CHOH. More preferred are compounds wherein V is --CH═CH--, --CH═N-- or S and n is 2, particularly those compounds wherein X is O and Y is N, X is S and Y is N, X is S and Y is CH or X is --CH═N-- and Y is CH. In the most preferred compounds X is O or S and Y is N forming an oxazol-4-yl, oxazol-5-yl, thiazol-4-yl, or thiazol-5-yl group; most particularly a 2-[(2-thienyl), (2-furyl), phenyl, or substituted phenyl]-5-methyl-4-oxazolyl group.

The preferred compounds in Formula V are:

a) those wherein the dotted line represents no bond, A and B are each CH, X₁ is CO, n is 0, R₁₉ is hydrogen, Z₂ is CH₂ CH₂ or CHICH and X₃ is hydrogen, particularly when X₂ is hydrogen, 2-methoxy, 4-benzyloxy, or 4-phenyl;

b) those wherein A and B are each CH, X₁ is S or SO₂, n is 0, R₁₉ is hydrogen, Z₂ is CH₂ CH₂ and X₃ is hydrogen, particularly when X₂ is hydrogen or 4-chloro.

A preferred group of compounds is that of Formula VI wherein R₂₃ is (C₁ -C₆)alkyl, (C₃ -C₇)cycloalkyl, phenyl, halophenyl, or (C₁ -C₆)alkylphenyl. Especially preferred within this group are the compounds where R₂₃ is phenyl, methylphenyl, fluorophenyl, chlorophenyl, or cyclohexyl.

When used herein with regard to Formulas VII through X, the term "aryl" includes phenyl and naphthyl, suitably phenyl, optionally substituted with up to 5, preferably up to 3, groups selected from halogen, alkyl, phenyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, nitro, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, or alkylcarbonyl groups.

The term "halogen" refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine; preferably chlorine.

The terms "alkyl" and "alkoxy" relate to groups having straight or branched carbon chains, containing up to 12 carbon atoms.

Suitable alkyl groups are C₁₋₁₂ alkyl groups, especially C₁₋₆ alkyl groups, eg, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl groups.

Suitable substituents for any alkyl group include those indicated above in relation to the term "aryl".

Suitable substituents for any heterocyclyl group include up to 4 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, and halogen or any 2 substituents on adjacent carbon atoms, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, may form an aryl group, preferably a benzene ring, and wherein the carbon atoms of the aryl group represented by the said 2 substituents may themselves be substituted or unsubstituted.

Specific examples of compounds of the present invention are given in the following list:

(+)-5-[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione;

4-(2-naphthylmethyl)-1,2,3,5-oxathiadiazole-2-oxide;

5-[4-[2-[N-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-N-methylamino]ethoxy]benzyl]5-methylthiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-[4-[2-[2,4-dioxo-5-phenylthiazolidin-3-yl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-[4-[2-[N-methyl-N-(phenoxycarbonyl)amino]ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-[4-(2-phenoxyethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-[4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)propionyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-[4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylsulfonyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-[4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyloxazol-4-yl)propionyl]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;

5-(4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)amino)-ethoxy]benzyl)2,4-thiazolidinedione;

5-[p-[1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxyl]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Ciglitazone);

5-[p-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Pioglitazone);

5-[p-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-oxazolyl)propionyl]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Darglitazone);

5-[[(2R)-2-benzyl-6-chromanyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Englitazone); and

5-(4-[2-(N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)amino)ethoxy]benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (Rosiglitazone).

As defined herein, "complications of NIDDM" is referred to as cardiovascular complications or several of the metabolic and circulatory disturbances that are associated with hyperglycemia, eg, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and/or hyperproinsulinemia, delayed insulin release, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and hypertension.

The compounds of Formulas I through X are capable of further forming pharmaceutically acceptable base salts.

The compounds of Formulas I through X are capable of further forming both pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition and/or base salts. All of these forms are within the scope of the present invention.

Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of Formulas I through X include salts derived from nontoxic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, hydrofluoric, phosphorous, and the like, as well as the salts derived from nontoxic organic acids, such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, alkanedioic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, etc. Such salts thus include sulfate, pyrosulfate, bisulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, nitrate, phosphate, monohydrogenphosphate, dihydrogenphosphate, metaphosphate, pyrophosphate, chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, trifluoroacetate, propionate, caprylate, isobutyrate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, suberate, sebacate, fumarate, maleate, mandelate, benzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, phthalate, benzenesulfonate, toluenesulfonate, phenylacetate, citrate, lactate, maleate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, and the like. Also contemplated are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like and gluconate, galacturonate, n-methyl glucamine (see, for example, Berge S. M. et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977;66:1-19).

The acid addition salts of said basic compounds are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base and isolating the free base in the conventional manner or as above. The free base forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free base for purposes of the present invention.

Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge S. M. et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1977;66:1-19).

The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner or as above. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention.

Certain of the compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms, including hydrated forms, are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

Certain of the compounds of the present invention possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in different configurations. The compounds can, therefore, form stereoisomers. Although these are all represented herein by a limited number of molecular formulas, the present invention includes the use of both the individual, isolated isomers and mixtures, including racemates, thereof. Where stereospecific synthesis techniques are employed or optically active compounds are employed as starting materials in the preparation of the compounds, individual isomers may be prepared directly; on the other hand, if a mixture of isomers is prepared, the individual isomers may be obtained by conventional resolution techniques, or the mixture may be used as it is, without resolution.

Furthermore, the thiazolidene part of the compound of Formulas I through X can exist in the form of tautomeric isomers. All of the tautomers are represented by Formulas I through X, and are intended to be a part of the present invention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of the present invention, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules, cachets, suppositories, and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, binders, preservatives, tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.

In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.

The powders and tablets preferably contain from five or ten to about seventy percent of the active compound. Suitable carriers are magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, a low melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like. The term "preparation" is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component with or without other carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included. Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets, and lozenges can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the active component is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The molten homogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool, and thereby to solidify.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, for example, water or water propylene glycol solutions. For parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.

Aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavors, stabilizing and thickening agents as desired.

Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material, such as natural or synthetic gums, resins, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and other well-known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. These preparations may contain, in addition to the active component, colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and natural sweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents, and the like.

The pharmaceutical preparation is preferably in unit dosage form. In such form the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities of preparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsules, tablet, cachet, or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form.

The quantity of active component in a unit dose preparation may be varied or adjusted from 0.1 mg to 100 mg preferably 0.5 mg to 100 mg according to the particular application and the potency of the active component. The composition can, if desired, also contain other compatible therapeutic agents.

In therapeutic use in the treatment of at risk populations such as those with impaired glucose tolerance, to prevent or delay the onset of NIDDM and complications arising therefrom, the compounds utilized in the pharmaceutical methods of this invention are administered along with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier at the initial dosage of about 0.01 mg to about 20 mg per kilogram daily. A daily dose range of about 0.01 mg to about 10 mg per kilogram is preferred. The dosages, however, may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the compound being employed. Determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. Generally, treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day, if desired.

The following nonlimiting examples illustrate the inventors' preferred methods for preparing the compounds of the invention.

The compounds of Formulas I through X are valuable agents in returning an individual to a state of glucose tolerance and therefore preventing or delaying the onset of NIDDM. Tests were conducted which showed that compounds of Formulas I through X possess the disclosed activity. The tests employed on the compounds of Formulas I through X were performed by the following study.

EXAMPLE 1

A study will be performed to determine the effect of troglitazone ((+)-5-[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione) on insulin resistance and androgen levels in PCOS women. Since hyperandrogenism results in chronic anovulation and hirsutism, decreasing androgen levels may improve hirsutism and even restore normal ovulatory menstrual function in PCOS women. The specific aim of the study will be to determine the effects of improved insulin sensitivity and decreased insulin levels secondary to troglitazone treatment on circulating androgen and gonadotropin levels in PCOS women.

I. SUBJECTS

A. General Selection Criteria. A total of 30 women will be studied. All subjects will be in excellent health, between the ages of 18-45 years, and euthyroid. There will be no history of cardiorespiratory, hepatic, or renal dysfunction. No subject will be taking any medications known to affect reproductive hormone levels or carbohydrate metabolism for at least 1 month prior to study, with the exception of oral contraceptives, which will be discontinued 3 months prior to study. Obesity will be defined as body mass index (BMI: wt (kg)/hr² (m) of ≧27 kg/m², non-obese patients will have a BMI of ≦25 kg/m².

B. Selection criteria for PCOS. The diagnosis of PCOS will require biochemically documented hyperandrogenism (serum levels of testosterone, biologically available testosterone, and/or androstenedione two standard deviations or more above the control mean), chronic anovulation (<6 menses/year or dysfunctional uterine bleeding), and polycystic ovaries present on vaginal ovarian ultrasound. These are the least controversial criteria for diagnosis for PCOS. The LH:FSH ratio and hirsutism will not be used as selection criteria. Androgen secreting tumors, Cushing's Syndrome, and late-onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia will be excluded by appropriate tests in all women. Women with hyperprolactinemia will be excluded because of the possible effect of hyperprolacticemia on insulin sensitivity.

C. Disqualification Criteria

1. Pregnancy

2. Intercurrent medical illness

3. Hepatic or renal dysfunction

4. Hemoglobin<11 gm/dL

5. Weight<50 kg.

II. STUDY PROTOCOL

A. Subject Preparation for All Studies. All testing will be performed during a period of documented anovulation by plasma progesterone levels in PCOS women. Subjects will consume a 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein weight maintaining diet for 3 days prior to testing and all testing will be done in the post-absorptive state after 10-12 hours fast.

B. Protocol

1. Visit 1--Day 1. A complete history and physical examination will be performed and blood for a complete blood count, electrolytes, thyroid function (thyroid profile with TSH level), renal chemistries and liver function will be obtained. Blood for testosterone (T), biologically available T (μT), LH, FSH, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione (A), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estrone (E₁), estradiol (E2), insulin, and C-peptide levels will be obtained. A 75 g glucose load will be ingested in the morning after a 10-12 hour fast, and glucose and insulin levels will be obtained every 30 minutes for 2 hours. All PCOS women will have fasting insulin levels ≧15 μU/mL and may have impaired glucose tolerance by WHO criteria. No subject, however, will have diabetes mellitus.

    ______________________________________                                         WHO Diagnostic Criteria                                                        Serum Glucose                                                                  mg/dL                                                                          (mmol/L) Normal     IGT           Diabetes                                     ______________________________________                                         Fasting  <140   (<7.8)  <140   (<7.8) ≧140                                                                          (≧7.8)                      2 hour   <140   (<7.8)  140-199                                                                               (7.8-11.1)                                                                            ≧200                                                                         (≧11.1)                      ______________________________________                                    

2. Visit 1--Day 2. A frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) will be performed. Basal blood samples will be collected at -15, -10, -5, and -1 minute. Glucose (300 mg/kg) will be injected as an IV bolus at time 0 minute and tolbutamide (500 mg) will be injected at 20 minutes. Blood samples will be taken at 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 90, 100 minutes, and every 20 minutes thereafter until 240 minutes for glucose and insulin levels.

3. Troglitazone therapy. Troglitazone will be started after Visit 1, Day 2, when a urine pregnancy test will be documented to be negative. Troglitazone will be administered in a double-blind randomized trial of two dose levels: 200 mg/day and 400 mg/day. Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of the two daily doses of troglitazone. All women will take two pills: either two 200 mg pills or a 200 mg pill and a placebo pill. There will be 15 subjects in each of the two treatment groups. Troglitazone will be administered as a single daily dose with breakfast.

4. Visits 2 and 3. Subjects will return monthly. Blood will be obtained every 10 minutes×3 and the plasma pooled for assay of T, μT, A, DHEAS, SHBG, E₂, E₁, LH, and FSH levels. Insulin and glucose levels basally and 2 hours after 75 g glucose will be determined.

5. Visit 4. The studies performed at Visit 1 will be repeated. Subjects will be instructed to return all unused supplies or empty bottles at the time of each visit to ensure compliance. Details related to patient dosage and compliance will be recorded on the case report form.

III. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Each subject will serve as her own control, and the data will be analyzed by paired t-test. Differences in treatment vs baseline hormone levels and parameters of insulin action will be compared between the two dose groups by unpaired t-tests. Repeated measures of analysis of variance will be performed to determine changes over time. Log transformation of the data will be performed when necessary to achieve homogeneity of variance. This is a pilot study and PCOS women each will be examined at two dose levels of troglitazone.

IV. HUMAN SUBJECTS

A. Risks

1. Blood Withdrawal. All subjects will have normal a complete blood count and hemoglobin levels >11 mg/dL. No subject will have >500 mL blood drawn in 24-hour period and >1000 mL blood drawn over 12-week period.

2. FSIGT. There is a small risk of hypoglycemia during FSIGT, and the test will be terminated immediately by administration of 50% dextrose if signs or symptoms of severe hypoglycemia develop. There is a small risk of allergy to tolbutamide; the drug will not be given to any subject with a history of allergy to sulfa drugs or sulfonylureas.

3. Troglitazone. The major side effects of troglitazone are nausea, peripheral edema, and abnormal liver function. Other reported adverse events include dyspnea, headache, thirst, gastrointestinal distress, insomnia, dizziness, incoordination, confusion, fatigue, pruritus, rash, alterations in blood cell counts, changes in serum lipids, acute renal insufficiency, and dryness of the mouth. Additional symptoms that have been reported, for which the relationship to troglitazone is unknown, include palpitations, sensations of hot and cold, swelling of body parts, skin eruption, stroke, and hyperglycemia.

4. Disqualification Criteria. Subjects will be disqualified if they will develop one or more of the following: HB <11 gm/dL, wt <50 kg, abnormal hepatic or renal chemistries, hypertension, pregnancy, significant illnesses, or excessive bleeding.

    __________________________________________________________________________            History                                                                               Pregnancy                                                               Physical                                                                           EKG                                                                               Test Chemistry.sup.a                                                                      Hormones.sup.b                                                                       OGTT                                                                               FSIGT                                                                              Timing                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Visit 1 - Day 1                                                                       X   X       X     X     X       Baseline                                Visit 1 - Day 2                                                                              X                    X   Baseline                                Visit 2                                                                               X      X          X     X       1 month                                 Visit 3                                                                               X      X          X     X       2 months                                Visit 4 - Day 1                                                                       X   X       X     X     X       3 months                                Visit 4 - Day 2                                                                              X                    X   3 months                                __________________________________________________________________________      .sup.a Chemistry  Complete blood count with differential, electrolytes,        liver function, renal function, thyroid profile with TSH level                 .sup.b Hormones  T, μT, LH, FSH, DHEAS, SHBG, P, A, E.sub.2, E.sub.1,       insulin, Cpeptide levels                                                 

EXAMPLE 2

Thiazolidinediones have been shown to increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant, non-diabetic and diabetic animals and in humans with NIDDM. Several thiazolidinediones are undergoing testing in the US, including studies of proglitizone in fructose-fed rats and obese rhesus monkeys. The drugs appear to improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and liver, major sites of insulin resistance in NIDDM. In response to the increased insulin sensitivity, which has been in the range of 40-100% above pretreatment levels, pancreatic B-cells appear to down-regulate insulin secretion, so that hyperinsulinemia is reduced and hypoglycemia is not a risk. Of the possible pharmacological interventions, thiazolidinediones appear well-suited for testing in the prevention of NIDDM in patients whose underling insulin resistance is thought to lead to B-cell decompensation and diabetes. Therefore, it is proposed to test the effects of a thiazolidinedione that has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity in people with NIDDM, on insulin sensitivity and NIDDM rates in our very high-risk patients with recent GDM.

In particular, it is proposed to test the effects of the agent, troglitazone, that has been shown to enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal in humans. While not wishing to be bound by theory, if the hypothesis is correct, troglitazone will maintain insulin action at a level which is commensurate with B-cell reserve in some, and perhaps many subjects, thereby preventing or delaying the development of NIDDM.

The demonstration that treatment with troglitazone will reduce the rate of NIDDM in patients with GDM will have important clinical and biological significance. The clinical significance is the obvious potential for treatment of GDM patients to prevent or delay overt diabetes and its long-term complications. The choice of an agent that improves insulin action may not only reduce the risk of diabetic complications that clearly are related to chronic metabolic decompensation (ie, retinopathy, hephropathy, and neuropathy), but also may reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, that have been associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. The biological significance of a reduced rate of diabetes during treatment with troglitazone will depend to some extent on the effects of the drug on insulin action.

To test the hypothesis that interventions to improve whole-body insulin sensitivity will reduce the rate of B-cell decompensation and delay or prevent the development of NIDDM, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of troglitazone will be performed. The trial will be performed among individuals at high risk for NIDDM such as women with a history of GDM. In particular, because the age-adjusted prevalence rates of NIDDM among Hispanic women aged 24-64 years have been reported to be 8-11%, rates which are 2-3 times those of non-Hispanic whites in the US, the test will be performed among Hispanic women.

I. OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN

Hypothesis: Troglitazone will improve insulin sensitivity and delay or prevent NIDDM in Latino women with a history of GDM who are at very high risk for NIDDM.

Patients: ˜230 Hispanic women with recent GDM and a glucose tolerance test at 6-12 weeks postpartum indicating a very high risk of developing NIDDM within 3-5 years (ie, total glucose area >16.3 gm.min/dL).

Procedures:

1. Measure whole-body insulin sensitivity (minimal model S₁) at baseline.

2. Randomize to drug or placebo (double-blind design).

3. Measure insulin sensitivity after 4 and 24 months on treatment.

4. Follow for development of NIDDM:

a. Fasting glucose at 4-month intervals

b. Oral glucose tolerance test annually

c. Mean follow-up of 36 months.

Analysis:

1. Between group (drug and placebo) comparison of cumulative NIDDM rates using life table methods:

a) by intent-to-treat

b) by response-to-therapy.

2. Between group comparison of 4-month changes in S₁ using 2-group t-test; between group changes in S₁ over time using repeated measures ANOVA.

3. Within and between group analysis of factors associated with any reduction in NIDDM rate using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

II. INTERVENTION TRIAL: SUBJECT SELECTION AND ENROLLMENT

A. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

INCLUSION: Age 18-45 years, recent GDM by the National Diabetes Data Group criteria, Diabetes, 1979;29:1039-1057, singleton pregnancy, Mexican-American or Central-American (self-declared ethnicity); both parents and 3/4 grandparents of Mexican or Central American heritage, residence within 60 minutes of LAC Medical Center, 6-12 week postpartum OGTT glucose area >16.3 gm.min/dL.

EXCLUSION: Plans for pregnancy within 4 years, medical illness requiring chronic medications that alter glucose tolerance or that will preclude 3-4 years of follow-up (eg, malignancy, HIV infection), illicit drug abuse, inability to give informed consent.

III. SPECIFIC PROCEDURES

A. OGTT

1. Procedure: Sitting subjects will have an indwelling antecubital venous catheter placed in the morning after a 10-12 hour fast. At least 30 minutes later, dextrose (75 g) will be given orally over 5 minutes. Blood will be drawn at -10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes from the start of the dextrose ingestion.

2. Interpretation: OGTTs plasma glucose concentrations will be interpreted according to National Diabetes Data Group criteria.

3. Risks: Limited to those of an intravenous line (pain, infection, bruising/bleeding at site), nausea at the time of dextrose ingestion, and phlebotomy (15 mL blood).

B. IVGTT

1. Procedure: After an overnight fast, subjects will be placed at bedrest and will have bilateral antecubital venous catheters placed. At least 30 minutes later, a basal blood sample will be drawn and dextrose (300 mg/kg body weight) will be given intravenously over 1 minute. An intravenous injection of tolbutamide (3 mg/kg) will be given 20 minutes after the dextrose injection. Plasma samples will be obtained at 2, 4, 8, 14, 19, 22, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, and 180 minutes after the glucose injection and assayed for glucose and insulin.

2. Analysis: Insulin sensitivity will be calculated by computer analysis of the glucose and insulin patterns during the IVGTT.

3. Risks: Hypoglycemia is a potential complication following tolbutamide injection. However, tolbutamide is injected when the plasma glucose is high, so that hypoglycemia is unusual. It has never been observed in over 50 IVGTTs in Hispanic women using the 3 mg/kg tolbutamide dose. Nonetheless, patients will be observed for symptoms of hypoglycemia and stop the test if symptomatic hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL) occurs. Risks of intravenous lines and phlebotomy (total=39 mL) are minimal. Persons with a hematocrit <33% will not be studied with the IVGTT.

C. Body Morphometry

1. Procedures: Body weight will be measured on a standard beam balance (subjects lightly clothed, without shoes). Height will be measured with a statometer. Waist circumference will be measured at the minimum circumference between the thorax and the iliac crest. Hip circumference will be measured at the level of the maximum posterior protrusion of the buttocks.

2. Interpretation: Body mass index will be calculated as: [weight in kg]/[height in meters] and used as a surrogate for measures of adiposity. The ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference will be calculated as a measure of fat distribution. Each measure will be tested as a predictive feature for NIDDM and for any effects of therapy on NIDDM risk.

3. Risks: None.

D. Blood Pressure

Blood pressure will be measured in triplicate in sitting (×5 minutes) patients with an aeriod sphygmomanometer. First and fourth Korotkoff sounds will be used to determine systolic and diastolic BP. There are no risks associated with the procedure.

E. Assays

1. Insulin: Insulin is measured in plasma with a charcoal precipitation radioimmunoassay using human insulin standard, guinea pig anti-porcine insulin antibodies, and tyrosine A-19 iodoinsulin purchased from Novo-Nordisk. Quality control will be maintained. RIA has a mean interassay coefficient of variation of 12% at 7±3 μU/mL and 7% at 32±6 μU/mL, based on pooled plasma samples stored at -70° C. over a period of 12 months.

2. Glucose: Glucose will be measured in duplicate by glucose oxidase (Beckman Glucose Analyzer II).

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

EXAMPLE 3

Clinical Study--Study of 5-[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione in NIDDM

Patients Requiring Insulin

Study Protocol

After meeting the patient selection criteria set forth below, all patients participating in the study took 400 mg of 5-[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione per day (in the form of two 200 mg tablets) while initially maintaining their current insulin therapy. Every two weeks, fasting serum glucose (FSG), hemoglobin A_(1c) (HbA_(1c)), C-peptide, and total insulin measurements were made. Home diaries were used to monitor blood glucose levels between visits to the clinic and to make clinical judgments for insulin dosage adjustments at clinic visits. Based on home diary information of the prior two weeks, the insulin dose was adjusted accordingly. At the first visit that glycemic control was achieved, the insulin dose was decreased to half the value at baseline. At subsequent visits to the clinic, if glycemic control was still evident, the current insulin dose was halved. This reduction continued until the patient no longer required exogenous insulin.

Patient Selection

Patients were to: 1) have NIDDM as defined by the criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group; 2) have evidence of failure of blood sugar control on sulfonylureas; 3) have evidence of poor control as documented by a glycosylated hemoglobin above the normal range (i.e., HbA_(1c) greater than the upper limit of normal); 4) have a C-peptide greater than 1.5 ng/mL; 5) be over 18 years of age; and 6) have concomitant therapy with insulin for 6 months or less.

The study enrolled 17 patients over a 2-week period at a single center. All patients had a 2-week baseline period in which they maintained their dose of insulin at a constant level and performed home glucose monitoring 2-3 times/day. This frequency of home glucose monitoring was maintained during the study, and values were recorded on diary cards. These were examined during the course of the study at 2-week intervals. The investigators was instructed to decrease a patient's dose of insulin at these visits if the glycemic control appeared to be improved or stable based on the glucose monitoring levels or at any time during the study if a reduction were required for safety reasons. Similarly, the investigator could increase insulin doses if glycemic control appeared to worsen. The data represents 8 weeks of data from a 12-week study, the last 4 weeks of which are still in progress.

    ______________________________________                                         Patient Characteristics                                                        ______________________________________                                         17 Patients       (10 males, 7 females)                                        Mean Age (Range): 57 years (35-72)                                             Mean Weight       104 kg (76-126)                                              Mean HbA.sub.1c : 11.8% (8.6-15.4)                                             Mean C-peptide    2.8 ng/mL (1.5-4.2)                                          Mean Blood Glucose                                                                               205 mg/dL (101-363)                                          Mean Duration Diabetes                                                                           11 years (2-31)                                              Mean Duration Insulin Use                                                                        4 years (6 months-15 years)                                  Mean Insulin Dose 58 units/day (20-21)                                         ______________________________________                                    

Results

As stated above, this summary represents 8-week interim data from a 12-week study. Based upon a favorable decrease in blood glucose levels, all 17 patients have had their dose of insulin reduced or discontinued. The mean decrease in insulin dose is 60% with a range of 30% to 100%. The glucose levels have decreased by 10% (20 mg/dL) in the total group with a range of 0 to 133 mg/dL). (See FIG. 1.)

A total of 7 patients have had their insulin discontinued at this time (8 weeks). These patients have not had an overall decrease in their mean blood glucose as a group but have maintained their mean level of 160 mg/dL with a decrease from 42 units/day of insulin to 0. Three of these patients have decreased their fasting blood glucose to a level below 140 mg/dL. Four of the 7 patients have been off insulin for over a month with maintenance of their glucose control. All seven are currently being maintained on 5-[[4-[(3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]2,4-thiazolidinedione.

The 10 patients that are still on insulin have had a mean decrease of 45% (39 units) in their daily dose of insulin and appear to be continuing to reduce their insulin requirements. At the same time, their glycemic control is improving with a mean decrease of 15% (36 mg/dL) in blood glucose.

This group of subjects have had a significant decrease in their total exogenous insulin requirements with an improvement in their glycemic control. Prior to this study, these patients were being treated in a tertiary care setting with appropriate patient education and aggressive glucose-control management. However, even with this type of management, glucose control was poor as evidenced by a mean HbA_(1c) of 11.8. This value underscores the fact that patients treated with insulin are in general, not well controlled in spite of the burden of insulin treatment.

All patients have had a decrease in their insulin doses with 7 patients being able to discontinue insulin completely. Of this latter group, 3/7 have fasting glucose levels within the desired range for diabetic control. Given the potential risk of increased atherosclerotic disease due to injecting large doses of exogenous insulin, the ability to decrease insulin use and improve glycemic control is important. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a patient suffering from abnormal insulin and/or evidence of glucose disorders associated with excess circulating glucocorticoids, growth hormone, catecholamines, glucagon, or parathyroid hormone comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of troglitazone.
 2. A method of treating a patient suffering from abnormal insulin and/or evidence of glucose disorders associated with excess circulating glucocorticoids, growth hormone, catecholamines, glucagon, or parathyroid hormone comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of pioglitazone.
 3. A method of treating a patient suffering from abnormal insulin and/or evidence of glucose disorders associated with excess circulating glucocorticoids, growth hormone, catecholamines, glucagon, or parathyroid hormone comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of rosiglitazone. 